The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19

Abstract The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global crisis and is more devastating than any other previous infectious disease. It affected significant proportion of the population both physically mentally, destroyed businesses societies. Current evidence suggested that immunopathology may be responsible for COVID-19 pathogenesis, including lymphopenia, neutrophilia, dysregulation monocytes macrophages, reduced or delayed type I interferon (IFN-I) response, antibody-dependent enhancement, especially, cytokine storm (CS). CS characterized by hyperproduction an array pro-inflammatory cytokines closely associated with poor prognosis. These excessively secreted initiate different inflammatory signaling pathways via their receptors on immune tissue cells, resulting in complicated medical symptoms fever, capillary leak syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress multiorgan failure, ultimately leading to death most severe cases. Therefore, it clinically important understand initiation develop effective treatment strategies COVID-19. Herein, we discuss latest developments immunopathological characteristics focus current research status involved. We also induction, function, downstream signaling, existing potential interventions targeting these related signal pathways. believe comprehensive understanding will help better effectively control this disease diseases.